Pronouns — Demonstrative, Indefinite, Interrogative

§81–100. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS THREE DEGREES OF DISTANCE: 1st (near speaker): formed with locative particle -a (= this) 2nd (near hearer): formed with locative particle -o (= that) 3rd (remote): formed with locative particle -na (= yonder) Each degree is formed by DOUBLING the pronominal prefix + locative particle: The pronominal prefix varies by noun class. EXAMPLES (Class 5, pron. prefix i-): o-ngombe ii = this ox (i + a → ia → ii by contraction) o-ngombe io = that ox o-ngombe ina = yonder ox EXAMPLES (Class 4, pron. prefix chi-): ochi-na chechi = this thing ochi-na chacho = that thing ochi-na china = yonder thing EXAMPLES (Class 1, pron. prefix u-): u-lume uu = this man u-lume uo = that man u-lume una = yonder man Position: demonstratives ALWAYS follow the noun. SPECIAL DEMONSTRATIVE -cho (Class 4 intensive): Used across classes with appropriate prefix to refer to something previously mentioned (= "the very same", "the aforesaid"): u-lume u-a-cho = the very same man (of whom we were speaking) LOCATIVE EXPRESSIONS with ha (verbal particle = is/are): ha-li = it is here ha-li-ko = it is not here ha-ii = it is there ha-ii-ko = it is not there ha-io = it is yonder ha-io-ko = it is not yonder §101–110. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS These agree with the noun by taking its pronominal prefix: -mue = some, a certain, one: u-mue = someone chi-mue = something -kuavo = other, another -osi / -oha = all, every: e-teke li-osi = the whole day; ch'-oha = everything -ongongo = each: o-ngombe i-ongongo = each ox Used without a preceding noun (absolute): u-mue = someone, a person chi-mue = something, a thing ch'-osi = everything, all NEGATIVE INDEFINITES (with negative particle la-): la-u-mue = nobody, no one la-chi-mue = nothing la-ku-mue = nowhere, in no place pa-mue = sometimes ku-mue = somewhere §111–120. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS nhi / ndati / ndeti = what? what thing? (adverbial: certainly, in truth) pi = which? what? (adverbial: where? whither? whence?) elie = who? ê = what sort of? what kind of? nhame = how much? how many? elie used: 1. Alone as subject/object: elie u-aloia? = who shot? 2. With ha as predicate: u-h'-elie? = who is he? who is it? 3. With pronominal prefix as possessive: o-ngombe i-elie? = whose ox? pi takes pronominal prefix and means "which?": o-njo i-pi? = which house? u-lume u-pi? = which man? As adverb with ku: ombala ku-pi? = where is the capital? u-aenda-pi? = where did he go? u-atunda-pi? = whence did he come? nhame takes pronominal prefix: olo-ngombe vi-nhame? = how many oxen? §121. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN Umbundu has NO separate relative pronoun. The relative clause is joined by using the PRONOMINAL PREFIX of the antecedent as the relative: u-lume, u-atungile o-njo i-etu, u-aenda = the man, he-built the house our, he-departed = the man who built our house departed o-sanji, u-a-i-landa hena, i-afa = the fowl, thou-it-bought yesterday, it-died = the fowl that thou boughtest yesterday died §122. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN: li (see personal pronouns above)